When it comes to joint property and concurrent ownership of property with others, there are different legal frameworks that can be used to define the rights and responsibilities of each owner. The Five common forms of property ownership are tenancy in common, joint tenancy, joint tenancy with the right of survivorship, tenancy by the entirety and community property.
Each of these forms of ownership has distinct features that affect how property is managed and distributed upon the death of one or more owners. Understanding the differences between these forms of ownership is important for anyone who is considering purchasing or owning property with others.
In this article, we will explore each of these forms of ownership in detail, including their advantages and disadvantages, to help you make an informed decision about which option is right for you.
Joint Property and Concurrent Ownership
There are five main types of Joint Property and Concurrent Ownership tenancy arrangements: tenancy in common, joint tenancy, and the right of survivorship.
- Tenancy in Common;
- Joint Tenancy;
- Right of Survivorship in Joint Tenancy;
- Tenancy by the Entirety and
- Community Property.
Tenancy in Common
Tenancy in common is a form of co-ownership that gives each owner separate ownership rights over the property. Each tenant has an equal right to possess the entire property and to receive a portion of any profits generated from it.
However, each tenant also has an individual responsibility for any debts incurred on the property. In the event of one tenant’s death, their share in the property passes to their heirs or beneficiaries instead of being divided among living tenants.
Joint Tenancy
Joint tenancy is another form of co-ownership where two or more people hold equal and undivided interests in a single property. All joint tenants have an equal right to possess the entire property and can exercise full control over the ownership without consulting each other.
However, if one or more joint tenants die, their share passes automatically to the surviving joint tenants without going through probate court.
Right of Survivorship in Joint Tenancy
The right of survivorship is similar to joint tenancy in that it allows for ownership by two or more people with undivided interests in a single property. However, with this type of ownership arrangement, if one owner dies, their share in the property goes automatically to the surviving owners instead of their estate or beneficiaries.
The right of survivorship does not require probate court proceedings either since it is established through contract law instead of inheritance laws.
How is a Joint Tenancy Created?
A Tenancy can be created by deed or single transfer, by grant or by will specifying the ownership as a Joint Tenancy.
By Deed or Single Transfer:
A joint tenancy is created through the signing of a deed by all joint tenants. The deed must include the name, address and signature of each tenant along with the legal description of the property. All tenants must agree to be held as joint tenants in the deed.
By Grant:
A joint tenancy can also be created througha grant if all tenants agree to the terms and conditions of ownership. The grant must include a description of the property, the names and addresses of all tenants, and their signatures.
By Will Specifying Ownership as Joint Tenancy:
A joint tenancy can also be created through a will that specifies ownership as joint tenants. The will must contain the name and address of each tenant, their signatures, and a description of the property.
By Estoppel:
Estoppel is a legal principle that prevents one party from denying or contradicting their previous statements or actions in court proceedings. A joint tenancy can be established by estoppel when two or more parties have made representations to each other regarding their ownership of a property and one party relies on those representations for legal purposes; this establishes a joint tenancy between them.
Key Features of Joint Tenancy with Right of Survivorship (JTWROS)
As mentioned above, Joint Tenancy with Right of Survivorship (JTWROS) is a type of legal arrangement where two or more individuals hold title to property together. It differs from other types of tenancies due to the fact that when one tenant dies, their interest in the property automatically passes to the surviving tenant(s). This means that upon death, the decedent’s interest no longer passes through probate, allowing for a quick and easy transfer of ownership.
The key features of Joint Tenancy with Right of Survivorship (JTWROS) are:
- Owners have equal and undivided interests in the property;
- They can exercise full control over the ownership without consulting each other;
- The share of a deceased owner goes automatically to the surviving owners;
- It does not require probate court proceedings;
- It is established through contract law instead of inheritance laws;
- All joint tenants have an equal right to possess the entire property; and
- Each tenant has an individual responsibility for any debts incurred on the property.
Key Features of Joint Tenancy with Right of Survivorship (JTWROS) Explained
Unity of Possession:
JTWROS is an estate which offers unity of possession, which means that all joint tenants hold equal rights to the same property. This means that all jointly owned parties have access to the entire property and its related rights, such as the right to use, possess and enjoy it.
It also implies that any one of the tenants may take or dispose of the property as they wish, without the consent of other tenants. Only when all parties pass away simultaneously does the estate end and one tenant cannot outlive the others.
Unity of Interest:
JTWROS offers unity of interest, meaning that all tenants have the same interest in the property. This includes joint ownership of the entire estate and not just an individual part of it. Furthermore, all tenants own the same interest in the property, meaning that should any joint tenant pass away, their share is divided among the remaining tenants and not to their heirs.
In other words, when one joint tenant passes away, all surviving tenants will have equal shares of the entire estate and no one can lay claim to a specific part of it.
Unity of Title:
JTWROS also offers unity of title, meaning that all tenants are named on the deed and hold the same title to the property. This implies that when one tenant passes away, the other joint tenants will be able to continue owning the entire estate without having to go through any lengthy legal procedures.
Furthermore, all jointly owned tenants have an obligation to pay any debts related to the property. This means that if one tenant fails to make payments, all other tenants must take responsibility for the debt in order to prevent foreclosure.
Right of Survivorship:
The most important feature of JTWROS is the right of survivorship. This means that when one tenant passes away, the remaining tenants will inherit their share and gain exclusive rights to the estate. In other words, no other heirs or creditors can make a claim on the property unless all tenancy holders have passed away simultaneously.
Tax Benefits:
Lastly, JTWROS offers certain tax benefits. Since all tenants are jointly responsible for any debts related to the property and only one tenant can outlive the other, the estate will not be subject to probate costs or taxes upon death of a landlord. This means that the remaining joint tenants can keep all the profits from sale or rental income generated from the property after death of one tenant.
Overall, JTWROS offers unity of possession, interest and title as well as the right of survivorship and tax benefits. It is a popular type of tenancy amongst landlords looking to secure their estate in the long run. However, it is important to note that all tenancy holders must act in unison when it comes to their estate and any debts associated with it.
This ensures that all parties can reap the rewards of such an arrangement without facing legal consequences.
Simultaneous Acquisition of Interest:
It is important to note that in order to create a valid joint tenancy, there must be four unities: time (all interests must arise at the same time); title (all interests must have been acquired by the same instrument); interest (all owners have equal undivided interests in the whole property); and possession (all owners have an equal right to possess the entire property). Any dispute regarding these requirements should be resolved before creating a joint tenancy. It is also important to note that joint tenancy can be converted into a tenancy in common without going through probate court.
Tenancy in Common vs. Joint Tenants with Right of Survivorship
Tenancy in Common (TIC) and Joint Tenants with Right of Survivorship (JTWROS) are two different types of ownership for real estate property.
In TIC, each owner has an equal right to use the property and can freely transfer their interest without permission from the other owners. Ownership interests may be unequal and typically pass to heirs through a will or intestate succession. The death of one co-owner does not affect the rights of the other owners as each tenant has a distinct interest in the property that can be sold or transferred as they wish.
A JTWROS is when two or more parties own an undivided interest in real estate together. This type of ownership gives each party an equal right to possess and use the entire property, regardless of the amount each party paid for it. In this case, if one owner dies, their portion automatically passes to the surviving joint tenants, eliminating any need for probate proceedings.
Both forms of tenancy have pros and cons depending on your individual needs and circumstances. TIC provides more flexibility, allowing owners to transfer their interest during life or pass it on through a will upon death.
On the downside, disputes between co-owners may complicate matters and probate may be necessary upon death if there is no will in place specifying who should receive what part of the property.
JTWROS offers greater security for all owners since any death results in the survivors immediately acquiring full control over all parts of the property without probate issues arising. However, this form lacks freedom as transfers must occur together by all parties involved.
Your Ownership Rights as a Joint Tenant
As a joint tenant, you have certain rights that are important to understand and protect. These rights include the right of possession, use, enjoyment, access, and transfer.
You have the right to possess and use the entire property for whatever purpose you choose, including renting or leasing it out. You also have the right to access all parts of the property, from entrances to common areas. Additionally, you can transfer your ownership interest at any time without needing permission from other co-owners.
When it comes to decision making regarding the property or disagreements among owners, all tenants must agree before any action is taken. This ensures that each joint tenant has an equal say in how their shared property is managed. If a dispute arises among tenants and cannot be resolved on their own, they may resort to legal action such as filing suit in court or engaging in mediation or arbitration services.
Upon death of one of the joint tenants, his/her ownership interest automatically passes to the surviving co-owners without probate proceedings being necessary. This means that there can be no claims against the deceased owner’s share nor any complications due to lack of a will specifying who should receive what part of the estate.
Your Responsibilities as a Joint Tenant
As a joint tenant, you have certain responsibilities to uphold in order to maintain your ownership rights. These responsibilities include paying your share of property expenses, maintaining the property, and obeying all laws and regulations governing its use.
You are responsible for paying your share of mortgage payments, insurance premiums, property taxes, and any other expenses associated with owning the property. If one owner fails to pay their share, the others may be legally obligated to make up the difference. Additionally, you are responsible for keeping the property in good condition and making any necessary repairs or improvements. You must also obey all local laws and regulations regarding the property, such as zoning ordinances or building codes.
If you fail to uphold your responsibilities as a joint tenant, you may be subject to legal penalties or fines. You may even lose your ownership rights if you are found in violation of any laws or regulations governing the property. It is important to understand and comply with the responsibilities associated with being a joint tenant in order to maintain your rights as an owner.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Joint Tenancies with Right of Survivorship
Joint Tenancies with Right of Survivorship have become increasingly popular among those looking to easily and quickly pass on their property when they pass away. This type of tenancy involves two or more people holding the title to a property together, and upon the death of one owner, the surviving owner is automatically assumed to own 100% of the title. A Joint Tenancy with Right of Survivorship (JTWROS) is attractive due to its ease of transfer and avoidance of probate court proceedings.
Advantages of Joint Tenancy with Right of Survivorship:
Increased Affordability:
Joint tenancy with right of survivorship allows multiple parties to share ownership of a particular property, making the purchase and maintenance costs more affordable. This can be especially beneficial for couples or family members who are looking to buy together but may not have the financial capacity to purchase on their own.
Estate Planning Benefits:
When a joint tenant passes away, their interest in the property automatically transfers to the surviving tenants without going through probate court. This makes estate planning simpler and more cost-effective since it eliminates any fees associated with probate proceedings. Additionally, it ensures that assets are quickly and effectively transferred to the intended beneficiaries without having to go through complicated legal procedures.
Flexibility:
Joint tenancies are flexible, allowing tenants to decide how they want to split up ownership and responsibilities. For example, two people can choose to each own 50% of a property or one person can own 70% while another owns 30%. This flexibility allows for greater customization when it comes to estate planning and asset allocation.
Equally, incase one of the joint owners passes on, the deceased’s interest in the property held as JTWROS will automatically transfer by operation of law to the surviving co-owner without any need for an additional document from a court.
Avoidance Of Probate Court Proceedings:
Because JTWROS are not subject to probate, it can save time and money in transferring real estate after one’s passing. Additionally, this type of ownership avoids public disclosure that typically occurs during probate proceedings.
Flexibility With Taxation:
Because JTWROS involve multiple parties sharing ownership, it is possible for owners to avoid paying certain taxes if they are married or related in some way.
Disadvantages of Joint Tenancy with Right of Survivorship:
Limited Control:
When two or more people own a property as joint tenants, all owners must agree on decisions regarding its use or sale before anything can be done. This means that if one owner wants to make changes or sell the property but the other does not agree, then nothing can happen until both parties come to an agreement .
This lack of control over decisions involving the property can be frustrating for some owners and might lead to disagreements between co-tenants down the road.
Shared Liability:
As joint tenants, all owners are equally responsible for any liabilities associated with the property including payment of taxes, mortgages, maintenance costs, etc..
This means that if one tenant defaults on payments or fails to meet their financial obligations then all owners will suffer financially as a result even though only one person was responsible for it.
Potential Disinheritance:
If an owner dies before their co-tenants then their portion of ownership automatically passes onto those remaining alive (according to right of survivorship).
This means that in some cases inheritances could potentially be reduced or eliminated altogether if an owner dies before their co-tenants do since whatever portion they owned would go directly towards those that remain alive instead of being passed onto other heirs or beneficiaries as part of an estate plan.
Potential Complications If Owners Split Prior To Death:
If one tenant dies before all tenants evenly split up their rights in the property, there may be potential problems with recalculating shares and ensuring everyone gets their rightful portion.
Limited Options For Financing & Selling Property:
Depending on state laws, some lenders may be reluctant offer loans secured by JTWROS properties due legal complexities involving multiple owners assuming debts or needing consents from each party for sale transactions.
FAQs
Does the Right of Survivorship Override a Last Will and Testament?
No, the right of survivorship does not override a last will and testament. A person’s rights to a property held in joint tenancy with right of survivorship will pass to the remaining tenants according to the right of survivorship, but any other assets or property not held in joint tenancy will be distributed according to the wishes of the deceased as outlined in their last will and testament.
What Happens if an Owner Breaks the Rules of a Joint Tenancy?
If an owner breaks the rules of a joint tenancy, such as failing to pay taxes or other associated costs, the other owners may be held liable for any unpaid costs or damages. This is why it is important for owners to be aware of their responsibilities and obligations when entering into a joint tenancy. Additionally, if one owner fails to abide by the terms of the agreement, the other owners may be able to take legal action in order to protect their interests.
What Happens if One Owner Wants to Sell the Property and the Other Does Not in a Joint Tenancy?
If one owner wants to sell a property held in joint tenancy with right of survivorship, but the other owner does not agree, then nothing can happen until both parties come to an agreement. This lack of control over decisions involving the property can be frustrating for some owners and might lead to disagreements between co-tenants down the road.
Probate and Joint Tenancy with Right of Survivorship:
In most cases, if an owner dies in joint tenancy with right of survivorship then their portion of ownership automatically passes onto those remaining alive and does not need to go through the probate process.
This means that any heirs or beneficiaries listed in a last will and testament would still receive their inheritance but it would not be taken from the deceased’s portion of ownership in the property. Overall, tenants in common and joint tenancies with right of survivorship are both useful tools when it comes to disposing of property after death.
What Is an Undivided Interest and How Does It Apply to Tenancies?
An undivided interest is an ownership right that allows each owner to hold a share in the entire property, not just their own portion. This means that each owner has access to the entire property and can make decisions regarding its use. In joint tenancy with right of survivorship, all owners have an undivided interest in the property, meaning they all have the right to use, possess, and benefit from the entire property.
In tenants in common, each owner holds an undivided interest in the property but does not have a right of survivorship. Instead, their portion will be passed onto their designated heirs or beneficiaries after their death. Overall, tenants in common and joint tenancies with right of survivorship are useful tools when it comes to disposing of property after death.
What Are the Benefits and Drawbacks of Tenants in Common Versus Joint Tenancy?
The main benefit of tenants in common is that it allows each owner to choose exactly how their portion will be distributed after death. Additionally, it allows for each owner to have some control over their portion of the property while they are alive.The main drawback of tenants in common is that it can create disputes between owners regarding the use and management of the property.
Joint tenancy with right of survivorship has the benefit of allowing the property to be passed on with minimal legal involvement and it also avoids probate. The biggest drawback is that it does not allow for owners to make decisions regarding their portion of the property.
When Do You Need Joint Tenancy for Your Property?
Joint tenancy with right of survivorship is a good option for those who want their property to automatically be passed on to the other owners in case of death. It is important to note that joint tenancy with right of survivorship can only be used if all owners agree and understand the terms of the agreement.
Additionally, it is a good option for those who want to avoid probate and the associated legal fees. Tenants in common is a better option for those who want to decide exactly how their portion of the property will be distributed after death. Overall, tenants in common and joint tenancies with right of survivorship are both useful tools when it comes to disposing of property after death.
Each option has benefits and drawbacks that should be carefully considered before making a decision.
Joint Tenancy vs. Tenancy in Common: Should a Married Couple Choose?
This depends on a couple’s individual needs and preferences. If a couple wishes for the property to be passed on automatically to the other surviving spouse in case of death, then joint tenancy with right of survivorship is the best option.
If a couple wishes to have more control over the disposal of their portion after death, then tenants in common is the better option. It is important to note that either way, any heirs or beneficiaries listed in a last will and testament would still receive their inheritance through probate.
One Person Wants to Leave a Joint Tenancy: What Happens?
If one tenant wishes to terminate the joint tenancy, then they must first agree with the other tenants on how the property will be divided and distributed. If all parties cannot agree then the court may need to be involved.
Closing Remarks
In conclusion, understanding the differences between tenancy in common, joint tenancy, and the right of survivorship is essential for any property owner. Each of these ownership types has its unique advantages and disadvantages, and choosing the right one can have a significant impact on the ownership experience and the transfer of property after death.
While tenancy in common allows for flexible ownership and inheritance options, joint tenancy provides automatic transfer of property to surviving owners, and the right of survivorship allows for a seamless transfer of property to a surviving spouse. It is crucial to seek legal advice and carefully consider the individual circumstances before choosing a type of ownership to ensure that the chosen ownership arrangement aligns with the owner’s wishes and goals.